Extreme heat has become the main climate-related threat to health in Spain and is putting growing pressure on the health system, according to a report from the DKV Health and Environment Observatory.
Heat as a health threat
The report identifies heat stress as the greatest climate risk to health in the country. Higher temperatures are associated with more deaths, particularly among older people and those with chronic illnesses, and with more pressure on emergency departments during heatwaves.
More heatwaves ahead
If current trends continue, Spain could face up to eight heatwaves a year by 2050. Warm nights — when temperatures do not fall below 20°C — are also becoming more frequent. They are particularly harmful because they prevent the body from recovering from the heat of the day.
Unequal risk
The report stresses that heat does not affect everyone equally. Where you live and how much you earn make a difference: people in poorer neighbourhoods, with less access to air conditioning, green space and shade, are more exposed. Older people, especially women living alone, face the highest risk.
Who is most vulnerable
- people over 65;
- people with chronic illnesses such as heart, lung or kidney disease;
- outdoor workers;
- young children;
- anyone without access to a cool place during the hottest hours.
What can be done
For individuals: drink water regularly, wear light clothing, avoid the hottest hours and check on vulnerable relatives and neighbours.
For cities: more trees, shade and green space; climate shelters where people can cool down; and early warning systems that reach everyone.
For the health system: the report calls for heat to be treated as a predictable, recurring part of health planning, like the winter flu season — with staffing, resources and protocols prepared in advance.
The Balearic picture
The islands are increasingly affected by long spells of heat and humid nights, especially in Palma and other urban areas. With an ageing population and a large number of outdoor workers in tourism and construction, preparing for heat is becoming a public health priority in the Balearics too.
